Gattaca Oral Presentation Draft Essay Example for Free

Gattaca Oral Presentation Draft Essay From the day Vincent was conceived, he had consistently been concidered as exceptionally imperfect, and as an invalid. His folks were anticipating carrying on the family name with their first conceived kid by calling Vincent, Anton, after his dad, Antonio. Be that as it may, when discovering that Vincent was inclined to disease, for example, neurological confusion, hyper sadness, a lack of ability to concentrate consistently clutter, cardiovascular breakdown, and was required to live for just 30.2 years, Vincents father felt that he wasnt deserving of the family name, and chose to call him Vincent Anton. Mother and Father, Maria and Antonio had a subsequent kid, who Antonio felt was deserving of the family name, on the grounds that not at all like Vincent who was imagined the regular way, Anton was brought into the world through hereditary designing. As the two young men grew up, Anton was constantly viewed as better than Vincent as he was continually upstaging him at all that they did. Until one day, when the two young men played a round of chicken. Like common, Anton was expecting Vincent to pivot and swim back to shore. Be that as it may, regardless of how much exertion he put into attempting to beat his sibling, Anton and Vincent were in a dead heat the entire swim. Anton was confounded at how Vincent still had the vitality to swim, lastly Anton wasnt ready to go on any more and he surrendered. Dropping and beginning to suffocate, Vincent spared his siblings life. Without precedent for their lives, Vincent was better than Anton at something. Despite the fact that everyone accepted that he wasnt sufficient to acheive his objectives, Vincent now accepted that he could accomplish whatever he set his focus on. Vincent chose to flee from home and he found a new line of work as a janitor at Gattaca. This was his first look at Gattaca, and he loved what he saw. Vincent met Jerome (Aka Eugene), a discouraged and alcoholic Gattaca substantial who was hit by a vehicle, which left him in a wheelchair for an incredible remainder. No one that was separated of the Gattaca institite realized that Eugene was in a wheelchair, which saw an open door for Vincent. Eugene concluded that his life was concidered over on the grounds that he was injured, and he felt that despite the fact that his fantasy about turning into a gold decoration swimmer could never materialize, he would endeavor helping Vincents fantasy about making a trip into space to work out, so he gave a makeover and his close to-consummate vailid identidy to Vincent. Eugene would shed and gather his own dead skin particles, free hair, pee and blood and would store them away for Vincent to make look like his own and every day, Vincent would evacuate any free skin and hair that was in danger of someone finding and following it back to him. Subsequent to being acknowledged into Gattaca, Vincent would have been separated of the once in a blue moon space dispatch to Saturns biggest moon, Titan. Be that as it may, one of the chiefs was attempting to prevent the space dispatch from occurring, bringing about his homicide. Coincedentally, one of Vincents invalid eyelashes was found at the wrongdoing scene which began a quest for him since everyone imagined that he was the killer, when infact, he wasnt. Despite the fact that everyone realized what Vincents invalid self resembled, no one suspected the legitimate Vincent (Aka Jerome) to be the killer since he not, at this point resembled his old self. No one suspected Vincent to impersonate Jerome aside from Vincents sibling Anton, who was functioning as a Gattca analyst. It took some time for Anton to affirm his doubt, however he did at long last, despite the fact that didnt turn his sibling in for extortion. Once showing up to Gattaca upon the arrival of the Titan space dispatch, there was a surprising pee test. Vincent took the pee test and it concocted a photograph of his invalid self. Be that as it may, the Gattaca specialist felt to some degree associated with Vincent on the grounds that his child was likewise classed as an invalid and had medical issues simply like Vincent did. The specialist then revelied that he had known the entire time and transformed his invalid into a substantial and in this way, Vincent had the option to proceed on his space crucial. At long last scene, we see Eugene sitting in his kettle and Vincent sitting in the rocket container. The rocket propelling and the evaporator lighting fire occur at syncrinized times. Eugene commited self destruction and Vincents dreams had worked out as expected. In addition to the fact that he was going to space, yet he had additionally begun to look all starry eyed at a collaborator, Irene, who might be enthusiastically trusti ng that his arrival will earth.

Immersive in Multimedia

Vivid MULTIMEDIA Introduction to Immersive Multimedia The historical backdrop of Immersive Multimedia started with the idea of Virtual Reality. In the late 1960s, the craving of PC researchers and craftsmen was to make, carefully made ‘near-to-reality’ encounters through Interactive Multimedia. This got known as Virtual Reality. Augmented Reality, today, is a PC made condition that a client can understanding through the faculties of sight, hearing and contact. Vivid Multimedia is a mix of sight and sound components and intuitiveness in Virtual Reality. Vivid allude to omputer produced reproduction of reality with physical, spatial and visual measurement. This intelligent innovation is utilized by architechs, science and designing exploration and expressions of the human experience, diversion, and computer games industry. Augmented Reality framework can reproduce everythings from stroll through of a structure preceding development to reenactments of airplane flight and th ree measurement PC games. Vivid innovations and augmented reality are incredible and convincing PC application by which people can associate and interface with PC created condition in a manner that imics genuine sense commitment. As 3D and vivid innovation turns out to be progressively incorporated and accessible for a wide scope of use. It require all around structured UIs and imaginative substance for the up and coming age of PC games and coordinated innovation like cell phones circulated web frameworks and work area application. Case Of Immersive Multimedia Education Business Entertainment IMMERSIVE MUTIMEDIA IN ENTERTAINMENT Example Of Immersive Multimedia in Entertainment Virtual Football Virtual Gliders Aircraft Virtual Games Counter Strike Virtual Games Equation 1 Virtual Games Adventure Kayak Games Virtual Truck Games VR has a ton of positive advantages. It offers incapacitated individuals the chance to participate in exercises not normally accessible to them. In virtual universes, individuals in wheelchairs, for instance, can have an opportunity of development that they don't have in reality. Right now not many individuals can stand to purchase a VR framework. In any case, as the innovation progresses, lightweight protective caps and all the more remarkable PCs will take VR into conventional homes. Computer generated reality has significant uses in a wide range of engineering and mechanical structure. PC Aided Design, or CAD, has been a significant plan apparatus since the mid 1970s, since it permits the client to draw three-dimensional pictures on a PC screen. In any case, except if you have a VR protective cap and glove to extend the pictures on to, you won't be inundated in your virtual world. 3D Viewing 3D seeing empower clients to see the screen in 3D structure and genuine. This Make the media progressively Attractive to clients. For instance a clients will felt the film like occur on this encompassing in the event that he see on a 3D screen. Computer generated reality created out of the specialized network, rom a dream of what was in fact conceivable and from the prerequisites of certain actually requesting applications. Obviously, a portion of the makers had dreams of utilizations a long ways past the requirements of their financing sources, however by and large the network has investigated augmented reality as a human-PC interface innovation. REFERENCE ?http://library. thi nkquest. organization/26890/virtualrealityt. htm ?http://liquidnarrative. csc. ncsu. edu/classes/csc582/papers/vrae. pdf ?http://pictures. google. com. my/pictures? hl=en&source=hp&q=virtual+reality&btnG=Search+Images&gbv =2&aq=2&oq=VIRTUAL

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward Women In Translation Month only lasts until the end of August but there’s so much to look forward to the rest of the year (and beyond). Who better to ask about upcoming works by women in translation than the women who are translating them? We asked seven translators to tell us about the projects they are excited to be working on. Margaret Carson translates fiction, poetry, essays and drama from the Spanish. Her translations include Sergio Chejfec’s My Two Worlds and Mercedes Roffé’s Theory of Colors. She is a former co-chair of the PEN Translation Committee. Im currently translating De Homo Rodans and Other Writings  by one of my favorite artists, the Spanish surrealist  Remedios Varo (Anglés, Spain 1908-Mexico City 1963). The book will include a variety of short pieces: a pseudo scientific essay on the discovery of a wheeled humanlike creature (the title piece), imaginary letters, a dream journal, a few short, strange tales, and comments she made in letters to her brother on some of her most famous paintings. I found the book I’m basing the translation on long ago in the legendary Gandhi bookstore in Coyoacán, Mexico City, but it wasn’t until the superb Wakefield Press opened shop a few years ago that I found an enthusiastic publisher. Should be out in 2017. Franca Simpson is a freelance translator and founder of Calisi Press, an independent publishing house dedicated to translating Italian women writers for English readers. I liked Donatella Di Pietrantonio’s first novel, My Mother Is a  River, so much that I set up Calisi Press last year to introduce it to the English-speaking public.  Examining the difficult relationship between a middle-aged woman and her mother, and how it changes when the mother is affected by dementia, this is a deeply emotional story told without any sentimentality or mawkishness. The same affecting but unsentimental approach to relationships characterises Donatella’s second novel, Bella Mia, which explores the dynamics of a family in the aftermath of the earthquake that devastated L’Aquila in 2009. Bella Mia will be published by Calisi in November 2016. Susan Bernofsky translates German-language literature and directs the program on literary translation at Columbia University. She is a 2014 Guggenheim Fellow and has won multiple awards for her work, including the 2015 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for her translation of Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel The End of Days. Yoko Tawada’s novel Memoirs of a Polar Bear (forthcoming from New Directions this November â€" just in time for an early snow?) is one of my all-time favorites among the books I’ve translated. It’s a playful tale of several generations of polar bears who live in human society (speaking Russian, German, maybe some English, and in distant memory Northpolish), freelancing and working at theaters, circuses, and zoos. Not quite PG either. After reading it, you’ll be surprised to learn how much was based on actual real-life people and events. Oh, and who knew that polar bears have authored ethnic minority literature? Valerie Miles is is a publisher, writer, translator and the coâ€"founder of Granta en español.  Below is an excerpt from her translation of Marina Perezagua’s novel, Yoro which she is currently translating for Ecco Press. “What you are about to read is the mark of a white-hot iron on a mule’s rump, a rill eroded into granite by the rain, the bowing of a tree caused by hardwearing winds. That’s right, this is the logical response of a sensitive nature, my story. A story that was written by me, but set in motion by the fate woven by others from above. As you continue on, you may come across the likeness of some colleague of yours, or someone familiar to you, or even yourself. If you don’t like what you find, just go ahead and break the mirror or burn what you’ve read, but you’ll never be rid of the toxin, the rotting guts that contaminate the rivers, seas, wombs, and fields. And you’ll never be able to take from me the joy I’ve come to know. I call myself H because I’ve always been deprived of having a voice, and a Spanish man once told me that h is the silent letter in his language. This letter will be my name, seeing as it’s a name I share with many other mute fellows who might discover their own voices herein. You’ll find me soon, I think. I won’t resist, as this story is my resistance. Whoever comes to detain me will see the same brown river that I am gazing at now, this same African refuge that’s allowed me to transcribe my testimony these latter days. Perhaps my captor is already so close he’ll see the same hippopotamus I’m watching this very instant, in the same position, with the same bird on top, drying off in the sun as if there were no such thing as hell.” Elisabeth Jaquette is a translator from the Arabic. Her first novel-length translation is The Queue by Basma Abdel Aziz (to be published by Melville House in 2016), which received a 2014 English PEN Translates Award. The Queue is a novel of dystopic-realism or perhaps surrealism? set after a failed uprising in an unnamed Arab country. It has great political relevance to our world today, and also stands out for Basma’s depictions of a wide range of female characters. Its my favorite project to date, largely because working with Basma was such a joy: she’s very conscious of her choices as a writer, and interested in discussing the linguistic and cultural issues that translation brings up. Ruth Clarke is a translator working from Spanish, French, and Italian. Her translation of the Italian writer Cristina Caboni’s first novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, was published in both the UK and the United States. She is currently at work translating Caboni’s The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Cristina Caboni’s bestselling debut novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, has been translated into 23 languages. Her work draws on her passion for the outdoors. When Caboni isn’t writing or tending roses, you’ll find her with her bees â€" the subject matter for her second book, The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Both stories are driven by strong female characters. “Women are always a great source of inspiration for me”, Caboni says, “they never give up, and despite their difficulties, they always manage to face life with a smile.” Charlotte Whittle  translates from Spanish.  She is a co-translator of Eduardo González Viaña’s novel, César Vallejo’s Season in Hell. Below, she tells us about her current project. Norah Lange (1905-1972) was an Argentine novelist, poet, and memoirist who participated in some of the key moments of the Argentine avant-garde. Her novel Personas en la sala (1950) is narrated by a young voyeuse obsessed with three women who live in the house opposite her own. As she describes their daily rituals, her meandering sentences betray her imaginative excesses, and the novel becomes a series of episodic, almost hallucinatory imaginings that illuminate the stifling nature of the domestic sphere.  Lange’s work has long been neglected, and I hope this translation will bring her some of the attention she deserves.

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward

Women In Translation Month Moving Forward Women In Translation Month only lasts until the end of August but there’s so much to look forward to the rest of the year (and beyond). Who better to ask about upcoming works by women in translation than the women who are translating them? We asked seven translators to tell us about the projects they are excited to be working on. Margaret Carson translates fiction, poetry, essays and drama from the Spanish. Her translations include Sergio Chejfec’s My Two Worlds and Mercedes Roffé’s Theory of Colors. She is a former co-chair of the PEN Translation Committee. Im currently translating De Homo Rodans and Other Writings  by one of my favorite artists, the Spanish surrealist  Remedios Varo (Anglés, Spain 1908-Mexico City 1963). The book will include a variety of short pieces: a pseudo scientific essay on the discovery of a wheeled humanlike creature (the title piece), imaginary letters, a dream journal, a few short, strange tales, and comments she made in letters to her brother on some of her most famous paintings. I found the book I’m basing the translation on long ago in the legendary Gandhi bookstore in Coyoacán, Mexico City, but it wasn’t until the superb Wakefield Press opened shop a few years ago that I found an enthusiastic publisher. Should be out in 2017. Franca Simpson is a freelance translator and founder of Calisi Press, an independent publishing house dedicated to translating Italian women writers for English readers. I liked Donatella Di Pietrantonio’s first novel, My Mother Is a  River, so much that I set up Calisi Press last year to introduce it to the English-speaking public.  Examining the difficult relationship between a middle-aged woman and her mother, and how it changes when the mother is affected by dementia, this is a deeply emotional story told without any sentimentality or mawkishness. The same affecting but unsentimental approach to relationships characterises Donatella’s second novel, Bella Mia, which explores the dynamics of a family in the aftermath of the earthquake that devastated L’Aquila in 2009. Bella Mia will be published by Calisi in November 2016. Susan Bernofsky translates German-language literature and directs the program on literary translation at Columbia University. She is a 2014 Guggenheim Fellow and has won multiple awards for her work, including the 2015 Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for her translation of Jenny Erpenbeck’s novel The End of Days. Yoko Tawada’s novel Memoirs of a Polar Bear (forthcoming from New Directions this November â€" just in time for an early snow?) is one of my all-time favorites among the books I’ve translated. It’s a playful tale of several generations of polar bears who live in human society (speaking Russian, German, maybe some English, and in distant memory Northpolish), freelancing and working at theaters, circuses, and zoos. Not quite PG either. After reading it, you’ll be surprised to learn how much was based on actual real-life people and events. Oh, and who knew that polar bears have authored ethnic minority literature? Valerie Miles is is a publisher, writer, translator and the coâ€"founder of Granta en español.  Below is an excerpt from her translation of Marina Perezagua’s novel, Yoro which she is currently translating for Ecco Press. “What you are about to read is the mark of a white-hot iron on a mule’s rump, a rill eroded into granite by the rain, the bowing of a tree caused by hardwearing winds. That’s right, this is the logical response of a sensitive nature, my story. A story that was written by me, but set in motion by the fate woven by others from above. As you continue on, you may come across the likeness of some colleague of yours, or someone familiar to you, or even yourself. If you don’t like what you find, just go ahead and break the mirror or burn what you’ve read, but you’ll never be rid of the toxin, the rotting guts that contaminate the rivers, seas, wombs, and fields. And you’ll never be able to take from me the joy I’ve come to know. I call myself H because I’ve always been deprived of having a voice, and a Spanish man once told me that h is the silent letter in his language. This letter will be my name, seeing as it’s a name I share with many other mute fellows who might discover their own voices herein. You’ll find me soon, I think. I won’t resist, as this story is my resistance. Whoever comes to detain me will see the same brown river that I am gazing at now, this same African refuge that’s allowed me to transcribe my testimony these latter days. Perhaps my captor is already so close he’ll see the same hippopotamus I’m watching this very instant, in the same position, with the same bird on top, drying off in the sun as if there were no such thing as hell.” Elisabeth Jaquette is a translator from the Arabic. Her first novel-length translation is The Queue by Basma Abdel Aziz (to be published by Melville House in 2016), which received a 2014 English PEN Translates Award. The Queue is a novel of dystopic-realism or perhaps surrealism? set after a failed uprising in an unnamed Arab country. It has great political relevance to our world today, and also stands out for Basma’s depictions of a wide range of female characters. Its my favorite project to date, largely because working with Basma was such a joy: she’s very conscious of her choices as a writer, and interested in discussing the linguistic and cultural issues that translation brings up. Ruth Clarke is a translator working from Spanish, French, and Italian. Her translation of the Italian writer Cristina Caboni’s first novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, was published in both the UK and the United States. She is currently at work translating Caboni’s The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Cristina Caboni’s bestselling debut novel, The Secret Ways of Perfume, has been translated into 23 languages. Her work draws on her passion for the outdoors. When Caboni isn’t writing or tending roses, you’ll find her with her bees â€" the subject matter for her second book, The Keeper of Bees and Honey. Both stories are driven by strong female characters. “Women are always a great source of inspiration for me”, Caboni says, “they never give up, and despite their difficulties, they always manage to face life with a smile.” Charlotte Whittle  translates from Spanish.  She is a co-translator of Eduardo González Viaña’s novel, César Vallejo’s Season in Hell. Below, she tells us about her current project. Norah Lange (1905-1972) was an Argentine novelist, poet, and memoirist who participated in some of the key moments of the Argentine avant-garde. Her novel Personas en la sala (1950) is narrated by a young voyeuse obsessed with three women who live in the house opposite her own. As she describes their daily rituals, her meandering sentences betray her imaginative excesses, and the novel becomes a series of episodic, almost hallucinatory imaginings that illuminate the stifling nature of the domestic sphere.  Lange’s work has long been neglected, and I hope this translation will bring her some of the attention she deserves.

Roles Of A Grand Son - 1169 Words

Roles are the parts that individuals play in society. Every single human being on earth has their own unique set of roles. There are two kinds of roles, Ascribed, and achieved. An ascribed role, is a role that people are born into, examples include the role of a grand son, or a Canadian. Achieved roles, are roles that a person has to work to acquire, examples include; a teacher, or a politician. Two roles that I currently possess are a university student, and a daughter. Being a daughter is an important role that I play. The role of a daughter is an ascribed role, I know this because I did not have to work for it. I was simply born into the role. As a daughter, I have plenty of important responsibilities. These responsibilities are; loving and caring for my parents, helping as much around the house as I can while I live there, and making sure I stay in contact with my parents when I am no longer living with them. Along with the list of responsibilities I have when it comes to being a daughter, the role also comes with a set of rights. These rights include love and protection, help with learning about the world around me, and a house, and food until I am at least 18. The role of being a daughter plays a key role in socialization and social belonging. My parents were my source of early attachment. Most importantly, my parents were my primary agents of socialization. They taught me the language I speak, my values, and norms. As a daughter, my parents culture wasShow MoreRelatedRoles Of A Grand Son1325 Words   |  6 PagesRoles and statuses make up the part in society that an individuals plays. Every single human being on earth has their own unique set of roles, and statuses. There are two kinds, ascribed, and achieved. An ascribed role, is a role that a person is born into, examples include the role of a grand son, or a Canadian. Achieved roles, are roles that a person has to work to acquire, examples include; a teacher, or a politician. Two roles that I curren tly possess are a university student, and a daughterRead MoreCase of Steinway Sons1640 Words   |  7 PagesCase of Steinway Sons: Buying a Legend In the case of Steinway Sons, two investment bankers, Dana Messina and Kyle Kirkland are faced with the question of how to build on the business. Steinway Sons was established in 1853 in New York City, by Henry Engelhard Steinway, a German immigrant who became well known for his technical excellence in piano production. It is a 140 year old company, and has been recognized as a leader in the market for high quality grand pianos. The primary problemRead MoreJames. Son of Zebedee882 Words   |  4 PagesThe name â€Å"James† appears frequently in gospel narratives. There are three separate James’ mentioned amidst the early church in Jerusalem: James, the Son of Zebedee; James the Less; and James the righteous. Correct interpretation of which James is being mentioned when discerning Scripture is imperative. James, the Son of Zebedee James was the son of righteous parents, Zebedee and Salome, who lived on the shore of Galilee, consecrating their industry with piety and educating their children throughRead MoreEssay on The Three Persons of the Trinity813 Words   |  4 PagesThree Persons of the Trinity The Three Persons of the Trinity Brenda L. Reynolds Grand Canyon University: HTH-505 Systematic Theology February 23, 2011 The Three Persons of the Trinity The Trinity consists of God, the Father, Jesus, the Son of God and the Holy Spirit. The Christian faith recognizes there is one God and He is one with His Son, Jesus and the Holy Spirit. The purpose of this essay is to describe the interrelationship of the three persons ofRead MoreParadise Losts Satan and The Grand Inquisitors Evil783 Words   |  4 PagesSatan and the fall of man. 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Furthermore, there is a huge crucifix right in front ofRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Grand Nursing Theories1577 Words   |  7 PagesGrand nursing theories are global in their application to nursing and have been instrumental in developing the science of nursing (McEwen Wills, 2014). Grand nursing theories are abstract and can be applied to many different situations. Because grand nursing theories are broad they can be applied to ethical dilemmas that occur in nursing practice. Ethical dilemmas are a part of the healthcare field and it is important to know how to navigate through the murky waters that dilemmas can present. NursingRead MoreOld Testament Exegetical Paper Ââ€" Isaiah 621683 Words   |  7 Pagesdesignate the entire walled town that covered the southeast hill of Jerusalem. During the exile however, the whole of Judah came to be known as Zion. ‘Zion occupies synonymous parallelism with the noun ‘Jerusalem (not just the southeast hill) while sons of Zion and daughters of Zion implies the inhabitants of Jerusalem (Lam. 4:2, Isa. 10:32). In 1Kings 8:1,2 we read, Â…out of the City of David which is ZionÂ… Hence we can correctly assume that both refer to the same place, which is Jerusalem. SinceRead MoreThe Power of The House of Medici Essay628 Words   |  3 Pagescentury. Giovanni had political power, but not through political office; he used his money and wealth to encourage and influence the politicians of Florence. Giovanni was well liked by the people because of his influence for tax reform. Giovanni had a son named Cosimo de Medici in 1389. Using the family wealth, Cosi mo set up a network of secretive alliances that ruined the competition and benefited the Medici Bank. Cosimo really began to have complete power of Florence. He was able to use money to controlRead MoreMeatless Days: a Feminist Perspective1306 Words   |  6 Pagesshows that her mother takes a leaf or a twig and enjoys the beauty of that leaf. Dadi also make a stick from a branch and this make her realize that â€Å"her son could provide her the whole of his life†. Her sister Ifat is following Mary Daly’s advice, ‘wieldiest’ herself against her father. The incidents like the marriage of her grand father and grand mother shows that in male dominating society, no importance is given to the wishes of women. Her father suppressed her mother that shows a typical Pakistani

The Issue of Human Trafficking - 1512 Words

2,880. That’s how many children are taken away from their families each day. That’s 2,880 eighty children who should be playing outside and enjoying childhood. Instead they are torn from everything they know and forced into slavery, sometimes to never come out. Slavery was not fully abolished in 1865. Over 27 million men, women, and children are enslaved at this very moment (â€Å"The Cost of Coercion†). That number is close to the population of Florida and Georgia combined who would be enslaved today. What most people today call â€Å"modern-day slavery† is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor and exploitation; referring to using others for sexual exploitation, organ trafficking, and forced labor. This international crime is†¦show more content†¦Now let’s focus on what happening today. When people think of slavery they normally think of sex slavery; and rightfully so. 8 of 10 human trafficking cases worldwide involve the sex industry in one way or another. As many as 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States annually (The Cost of Coercion). That is almost 48 people a day who become slaves on the very same soil where it was abolished 150 years ago. The average age of a sex slave is 14 years old. Think about all the things you did when you were a teenager. Being sexually exploited probably isn’t one of them. Not to mention that on average a slave is sold for around 90 dollars. â€Å"In 1850, the cost of a slave (in todays dollars) was $35,000† (The Underground Railroad). How is it that slaves in the 1850’s that were mostly black, therefore hardly consider human, be worth more to people than women in today’s society Sex trafficking does not just mean across country boarders; it entails street prostitution as well. Street prostitu tion becomes trafficking when a pimp uses fraud, force, or coercion to preserve control over the person providing profitable sexual services and instigate the person to engage in sex acts. An estimated 293,000 American youths currently are at risk of becoming victims of sexual exploitation. The majority of these victims are runaway children who live on the streets. Most of the women described their path into the sex trade as a boyfriend transforming into a pimp. TheseShow MoreRelatedThe Issue of Human Trafficking1116 Words   |  5 Pagesis still a very prevalent issue today, under the name of human trafficking. Human traffickers are those who victimize others in their desire to profit from the existing demand. People of all ages, even children, are recruited and taken from all around the world and forced into acts such as prostitution, war, and extreme labor. Many people are not aware of these events occurring at all, and more awareness needs to be brought to this topic. Human trafficking exists for a few reasons. OneRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking1481 Words   |  6 Pages Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations as the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. Unfortunately, human trafficking is a crime that occurs globally with many men, women, and children being forced to work as laborers and or sex workers. As is the case with many crimes, the statistics regarding human trafficking are sensationalized, making it seem as if it is more prevalent than it actually is. Many tag the SuperRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking875 Words   |  4 Pageswide misconception among Americans that support the idea that human trafficking is something that only occurs overseas and not something that takes place in the United States. As a country that puts a huge value on freedom of choice, many U.S. citizens naively wish to believe that such an inhumane offense could never occur on our own free soil. Unfortunately, this notion is not true at all and domestic trafficking is an ongoing iss ue that needs to be addressed within our own borders. In additionRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking779 Words   |  4 Pages14. Human trafficking was not defined in international, regional, and national laws until the late 2000s in Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol) , and the optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography (CRC Protocol) . 15. At the same token, RwandaRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is An Issue1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthat slavery is no longer existent, it still is very popular, and it’s human trafficking. Human trafficking is an issue everywhere, but it has always been a major issue in Bangladesh. Human trafficking is still an issue because it s still legal in some areas, and the government doesn t make an effort to help the young women and children who are as young as twelve in the trafficking business. The truth is, human trafficking is happening right in front of our faces, and in every country.These peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2654 Words   |  11 PagesAccording to the UNDOC, human trafficking is the acquisition of people by illegal means such as force, fraud, deception, abduction or coercion for the purpose of exploiting them. This vice is one of the main international policy concerns of the 21st century that is spreading at an alarming rate. Often, human trafficking is confused with human migration and smuggling even though the three terms are completely different. Unlike human trafficking, human migration and smuggling involves migration/transportationRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking Essay1836 Words   |  8 Pagescommunity, better known as human trafficking by society. Human trafficking is the illegal traffic of individuals for the purposes of sexual exploitation and commercial achievements. Individuals are misplaced and forced into slavery throughout the state. The targets of human trafficking are mostly women and children, some children are as young as 13 years old, and this act is called â€Å"child-trafficking†. This issue is not only of a safety matter but also of a public health issue. The victims are kept inRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking4049 Words   |  17 Pageshave been raised over the years in regards to the issue of human trafficking. Countless international groups such as charities have tried to increase pub lic awareness around the issue of trafficking of human beings and at the same time have encouraged governmental bodies to acknowledge this problem that its affecting people around the world and which has increased dramatically over the past years (Newburn, 2013,pp.430-431). The trafficking of human beings has reached a global level, with thousandsRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2669 Words   |  11 Pages Human Trafficking Defining my topic human trafficking is when people are really slaved and by selling their body well being told to do it. My topic is a human rights issue because it is part of slavery. In spite of the fact that servitude is generally thought to be a relic of times gone by, human trafficking still exists today all through the United States and all inclusive when traffickers utilization power, misrepresentationRead MoreCombatting the Issue of Human Trafficking1294 Words   |  5 Pagesresolutions for combating the issue of human trafficking , both locally and nationally. I chose to investigate two existing social awareness campaigns located in Ohio. The reasons I decided to explore these two organizations is because of the obvious, that my classmates and I are in the state of Ohio but overall, it is due to the fact that this state ranks number five in the nation for human trafficking. There are explanations behind the ranking of Ohio for this issue. The first explanatio n

Gender Bias in the Workplace Its Origin, Cases and...

Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decades it has grown and grown and made it even harder for progress to take shape. The Problem Over fifty years ago, in 1963, the U.S. Congress passed one of the most heralded and controversial laws in its history. This law was the Equal Pay Act of 1963. For years those fighting for equal rights looked at simply racial disparities. However, this was a major step for women in the workplace. Women had fought for decades for the rights to vote and then again for work place equality. Finally, the federal government had sided with the rights of women and sought to stop some of the injustices that had taken place. While this was a major step for women in the workplace there is no doubt that it has corroded over time. Today, women make up about half of the U.S. workforce (Gilbeman, 23). Women are not only succeeding in the workforce but also in the classroom. Women not only have higher scores on standardized tests but also have a higher rate of college graduation (Gilbeman, 23). ProfessionalShow MoreRelatedDiversity in the Workplace1452 Words   |  6 Pagesemploys a diverse workfor ce in that includes both genders, people of many generations and those from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds. In daily vocation operations diversity is alleged to assist appreciate and understand the demographics of the marketplace it serves and in effect creates greater accomplishment in the marketplace. Employee satisfaction is significant to an organisations goal, so a company that supports diversity of its workplace not only gratifies workers but also increaseRead MoreManagement of Diversity1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first things which come to mind are age, sexual orientation, race and gender. In Workforce America! Managing Employee Diversity as a Vital Resource, diversity is defined as: â€Å"otherness or those human qualities that are different from our own and outside the groups to which we belong, yet present in other individuals and groups.† â€Å"The dimensions of diversity are further expanded but not limited to: age, ethnicity, gender, race, physical abilities/qualities, sexual orientation, education, geographicalRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdefines the values of the system in a changing society. Recent trends affecting the criminal justice system are related to gender and racial barriers. According to Roslyn Muraskin and Albert R. Roberts (2009 ), assessments of statuses of women and minorities in police work shows that there are obstacles in official and informal structures of police work organizations related to gender and race. Regardless of assessment studies, which show that women are effective patrol officers, organizational principlesRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity History and Laws1574 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to prevent bias, prejudice, bigotry, and inequity against anyone due to physical abilities, race, religion, gender, or age. EEO strives to assure that all applicants, male and female alike and all ethnic groups have a fair chance in the hiring process, in competing for advancement, and each employee must have the same access to development probabilities. Equal Employment Opportunity is based on equality and it is encompassed by a series of statutes in tended to proscribe workplace discriminationRead MoreAssignment 3 : Human Resources Management1461 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Allen September 29, 2014 LS 625 Assignment 3 – Human Resources Management Issue CASE STUDY: Read Part One of the text: Chapters 1-4. Write a description of a problematic situation or incident that you have witnessed or experienced in your workplace. The situation or incident should focus on a human resource management issue. In detailing the incident, begin with an overview of the circumstances surrounding the initial development of the problem. Include specific details, the people involvedRead MoreArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action1494 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action Ronald Spears 16 March 2012 Constitution Law Bonnie Ronson Wiregrass Tech. College Online Abstract: The terms affirmative action refer to policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnic or other forms of diversity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative actionRead MoreInternal Structural Barriers And Training Required For Senior Management Advancement3320 Words   |  14 Pagescomplaints seriously. Furthermore, there has to be a strong case of evidence or at least some type of speculation involved before a case can even be considered. Lastly, under this category, minorities suffer due to inadequate reporting systems that are in place to be the mediator for the glass ceiling phenomenon. †¢ Others - We can press on further to bring other issues to the forefront such as the lack of family oriented programs within the workplace. This issue would probably be specific to women, whichRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Inclusion at Dell, Inc.2188 Words   |  9 Pageshis or her own experiences, views, beliefs philosophies and ideologies. Fortunately, these distinctive differences that have become a driving force for change and acceptance in the workplace environment. â€Å"Workforce diversity acknowledges the reality that people differ in many ways, visible or invisible, [by] age, gender, marital status, social status, disability, sexual orientation, religion, personality, ethnicity and culture (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, Monga, 2009, p. 235). Support of individuals’Read MoreConsequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories1929 Words   |  8 Pagesstate that the debate on diversity mostly confuses various forms of a variety of workforce. One way to achieve workforce variety is through social categorization, where group membership is determined by mutual characteristics such as race, sex, age, gender, and status. Legal provisions on diversity have continuously emphasized the creation of representative social categorization approach in the workforce of an organization (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). In this context, the workforce demography shouldRead MoreWhy Do Women Earn Less Than Men?5819 Words   |  24 Pagesbased on gender, a significant earnings gap exists. Women earn less than men in almost every line of work regardless of age, race, ethnic background or level of education. This study discusses the disparity of income between men and women, and the primary factors that contribute to the disparity. It then looks at some of the legislation that has been passed or is under consideration to address the issue. Finally, it concludes that there are many reasons for the disparity other than gender discrimination

Role of ICT and Internet in education free essay sample

Nowadays the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), especially internet in the education sector plays an important role, especially in the process of empowering the technology into the educational activities. Education sector can be the most effective sector to anticipate and eliminate the negative impact of ICT. Technology (internet) in another side can be the most effective way to increase the student’s knowledge. Being aware of the significant role of ICT (internet) in our life, especially in the educational activities, education authorities should be wise enough in implementing the strategies to empower ICT in supporting the teaching and learning process in the classroom. ICT is not just the bloom of the educational activities, but also it will be the secondary option to improve the effective and meaningful educational process. The main purpose of the Strategy for Information and Communication Technology Implementation in Education is to provide the prospects and trends of integrating information and communication technology (ICT) into the general educational activities. There are some unavoidable facts in the modern education; first, the ICT has been developing very rapidly nowadays. Therefore, in order to balance it, the whole educational system should be reformed and ICT should be integrated into educational activities. The influence of ICT, especially internet (open source tool) cannot be ignored in our student’s lives. So, the learning activities should be reoriented and reformulated, from the manual source centered to the open source ones. In this case the widely use of internet access has been an unavoidable policy that should be anticipated by schools authorities. Internet–based information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the information flows they support have played an important role in the advancement of society. In this paper we investigate the role of Internet–based ICTs in electoral revolutions. Employing a case study approach, we examine the part played by ICTs during the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2000–2004). Roles and activities of the dissenters, as well as their associates, the incumbent authorities and their allies are analyzed with regard to Internet–based technologies during the electoral revolution in Ukraine. The case of the Orange Revolution is particularly salient, as even though only one to two percent of the Ukrainian population had access to the Internet, this was sufficient to mobilize the citizens towards an eventually successful revolution. This paper lays the groundwork for further investigations into use of ICTs by political dissenters. The central finding of this study is that ICT rarely acts as a catalyst by itself for schooling change, yet can be a powerful lever for realizing planned educational innovations. The term innovation is used in this study as a general designation for substantive, positive change in a school system. The real practical examples of innovative approaches were chosen for the purposes of this research only if they involved the whole school, not only limited number of teachers or one subject. Schools are considered as ideal learning organizations if they can improve themselves, learn from their mistakes, and embody in their own structure and their services new knowledge that they acquire. For this to occur, leadership, usually by the principal, must foster collaboration so that teachers are as concerned with the progress of other teachers and the school as an organization as they are with their own success. For the purpose of describing the progress of introducing the innovations to schools, the study suggests use the model of Mandinach and Cline (1994). It includes four stages of diffusion: survival,mastery, impact, and innovation. In the survival stage, teachers struggle to learn the technology, operating mostly by trial and error while maintaining the status quo in their classrooms. As technical competence increases, the mastery stage is reached in which new forms of interactions are developed, along with better coping strategies, sounder curriculum models, and less reliance on systems experts. In the impact stage, the classroom becomes more learner-centered, technology becomes infused in learning activities, and use of systems applications becomes more varied. Finally (for some teachers) the innovation stage is reached, wherein the teacher restructures the curriculum and learning activities, moving beyond the mandated procedures and content. [p. 23] This study contains more very inspiring ideas. Some of the most interesting are cited in the following selection: The UK Laptop Project evaluation put forth the idea of a critical mass of ICT required within a school before ICT can catch on with the staff (Harrison, 1998). This idea is also reiterated in CA02 Mountain View (case study), which speaks of a critical mass of practitioners to create a culture of innovation. There is no clear definition of what a critical mass might be for any desired level of ICT involvement but suggest that it would be defined by types of usage rather than by simple counts, ratios, and percentages (student/computer ratio, number of classrooms connected to the Internet, etc. ). [p. If the mere application of ICT within a school generally led to more student centered teaching, then countries that desired changes in that direction could focus resources solely on bringing a strong ICT infrastructure into schools and assuring that teachers used it in their teaching. The opposite finding, which is what we are reporting, leads to a different strategy wherein both the ICT infrastructure and the planning and professional development for pedagogical change are required to achieve more student centered teaching. In the colleges, universities, and normal schools, pre-service education needs to adjust to the digital world. Graduates of the teacher education programs should not only be comfortable with ICT applications but also should understand the importance of innovation and of change. Todays technology probably will not be tomorrows technology. Knowing how to use a specific search engine is not as important as understanding the problems in organizing and retrieving information from systems like the World Wide Web. The European Computer Drivers License may represent ICT competency for today but for tomorrow more advanced understanding will be required. [p. 38-39] If ICT skills are required for survival in the world of today and tomorrow, then they should be taught in the curriculum and tested at appropriate intervals. Teachers in many countries are currently receiving conflicting messages on ICT. National and local interests want ICT skills taught but at the same time nothing is changed in the national curriculum and in the national examinations to accommodate these abilities.

Sexuality with the Disability

Introduction Disabled people have different needs from the rest of the people in the society. Both their habitual and educational needs are changing from what is conventionally known regarding the daily living culture such as the way in which people are dressed and groomed. This is also true when it comes to the vocational and social duties.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexuality with the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From research, the crux of the matter in this broad focus is mainly sexuality and the rights that the disabled have with respect to the sexual education and sexual expression. Other members of the society have stereotypical perspectives concerning those with disabilities. Such beliefs are not necessarily true though they are amazingly part of both the young and the elderly in society! This is specifically in relation to sexual behavior. The aim of this essay is to explore t he attitudes that the society has regarding the sexuality of disabled people, the latest impediments faced by people with disabilities as pertaining sexuality and the way it affects sexual functioning. Overview It is within the last twenty years that researchers and other professionals began engaging and conducting studies on subjects that entail sex education and sexual expression among the disabled. Prior to this time, most researchers had confined themselves to the sexual dysfunction suffered by most heterosexual white men. Such impairment was as a result of injuries especially on the spinal cord. Currently, the research still borders on both the medical and rehabilitative aspects. It concentrates on the sexuality of women with disabilities and that of other disabled individuals. However, the focus of this research is still on the heterosexual majority. In the recent years, research in this area has been taking a sociopolitical dimension (Shuttleworth, 2007, p. 2). As other peopl e within the community, we are increasingly being informed of the human rights that the disabled are supposed to enjoy, given that it affects them socially, physically and mentally. Like the rest of the society, the disabled have different levels of potential with regard to reproduction, sexual response and sexual interest. It is imperative to note that like other societal members, people with disabilities have needs such as the need for affection, good interpersonal relationships and love. Studies show that even those with disabilities emanating spinal injuries, experience sexual arousal (Stolov Clowers, 2000, p. 79).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the fact that the world around us has started showing interest in the sexual needs of the disabled, a lot is yet to be done. Understanding the current attitudes that the society holds towards the sexual needs of the dis abled will be helpful in both imparting and inculcating positive attitudes that the society has towards them. The latest change in attitude is causing most Americans to respond reluctantly, to the realization that people with inabilities are also sexual beings who are wired with the need for sexual gratification, love and intimacy. Attitudes on Sexuality of people with disabilities The perceptions of most people in the society regarding the disabled, in light of sexuality, are often narrow-minded. They think that this category of people is not sexual in nature. The misinformed society, therefore, end up concluding that the only people who should have sex are the physically fit. The general perception is that people with disabilities are not supposed to be sexually active. This belief is held by both the young and the aged in the society, and is known to the disabled (Marini, Glover-Graf Millington, 2011, p. 57). It is a taboo to think of sex among the disabled and denying the fact that it exists has never nullified it. According to some studies, by the society not granting a meaningful sex life to the disabled, it is tantamount to withholding them their deserved basic human rights (Carroll, 2006, p. 479). The disabled that are in need of a sexual relationship do not just express it as disapproval to the popular notion that they are not sexual beings. The issues here are more practical. Prior to having a relationship, couples ought to meet. Either poverty or transport can bar the disabled from going out for purposes of socialization. In most cases, the institutional world encompassing the disabled appears to be insensitive to their need for sex and relationships. Lack of privacy is an issue for the disabled who reside in care institutions. Staff members may get into their bedrooms without notice. Relatives become overprotective for some disabled folks who stay at home. For the disabled that receive their spouses’ care, maintaining sexual mystique is not easy since their significant other has to dress, bathe or assist them to the wash rooms. Conducting a satisfactory sexual relationship is therefore challenging due to the absence of the required choice and control that goes with it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexuality with the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this makes it difficult for the disabled to have responsible sexual relationships. The disabled thus end up being marginalized and alienated, as a result of these attitudes. They also internalize the same attitudes held by the society towards them. Barriers faced by the disabled, with respect to sexuality In their dealing with sexuality matters, the disabled encounter several hurdles. First, they have a problem accessing information related to their personal situations, on suitable expression of sexuality, and required skills in sexual communication. Besides lacking acc ess to accurate information, they receive misinformation on sexuality, as a way of discouraging their interest. Second, they lack privacy in expressing themselves sexually. This is especially for those residing in institutional settings. With shared accommodation, it is difficult for them to express themselves sexually due to lack of privacy. These conditions may therefore cause people to engage in sexual behavior that is inappropriate. Consequently, the society then begins to put stereotypes on them. Third, women with disabilities encounter both sexual and physical abuse. This is because they are perceived as victims who may not be able to report such abuse. In most cases, crisis centers, police stations and other shelters are often inaccessible. In cases where they are present, officers doubt the women’s credibility judged from their state of health and competence (Smith, 1999, p.153). In addition, people with disabilities are viewed by some members of the society as being asexual. The stereotype began long time ago and could be witnessed in health institutions. Here, disabled adolescents were carelessly placed in hospitals to receive medical attention. Both boys and girls could be hospitalized in adjoining beds. Furthermore, due to their physical conditions, majority of the disabled are not free to move from place to place. Most are confined in their relatives’ homes or in other health care centers. Therefore, they have limited opportunities to move around, in a bid to establish meaningful relationships. This is opposed to the nondisabled individuals who have the freedom to go to different places where they can socialize and establish relationships that matter.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference list Carroll, J.L. (2006), Sexuality now: Embracing Diversity. Belmont, U.S: Cengage Learning. Marini, I, Glover-Graf, N.M. Millington, M.J. (2011), Psychosocial Aspects of Disability:Â  Insider Perspectives and Counselling Strategies, NY: Springer. Shuttleworth, R. (2007). Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC. Introduction to Special issue: Critical Research and Policy Debates in Disability and Sexuality Studies. May 2007. Vol. 4, No. 1 Smith, M.B. (1999), The Reader’s Companion to U.S Women’s History, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Stolov, W.C. Clowers, M.R. (2000), Handbook of Severe Disability:Â  A Text for Rehabilitation Counsellors, Other Vocational Practitioners, and Allied Health Professionals, Washington DC: DIANE Publishing. This research paper on Sexuality with the Disability was written and submitted by user Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tips for Using German Music in the German Classroom

Tips for Using German Music in the German Classroom Learning through music can be a great way to help students understand the lesson and enjoy it at the same time. When it comes to the German language, there are many great songs to choose from that can really add to your classroom experience. German music can teach culture and vocabulary simultaneously and many German teachers have learned the power of a good song. Its a great way to grab their students attentions when other resources may not be working. Students are discovering German music on their own as well, so many already have an interest in it. It is, quite simply, an effective teaching tool that teachers can take advantage of. Your lessons can include styles from classical to traditional folk tunes, heavy metal to rap, and everything in between. The point is to make learning fun and get students excited about learning a new language. German Lyrics and Songs An introduction to German music can begin with the basics. Something as familiar as the German national anthem  is a good place to begin. A portion of the anthem comes from the song Deutschlandlied and its also known as Das Lied der Deutschen or Song of the Germans. The lyrics are simple, the translation relatively easy, and the tune breaks it down into short stanzas to make memorization smooth. Depending on the age of your students, traditional German lullabies may not seem appropriate, but simple songs are often the best teaching tools. Quite often, they repeat the same words and phrases throughout, so this can really boost a classrooms vocabulary. Its also a chance to get a little silly at times. If youre looking for familiar songs that are a little more hip, then youll want to turn to deutsche Schlager. These are the German golden oldies from the 60s and 70s and theyre reminiscent  of some of the American tunes of that era. Its fun to turn on these timeless hits and watch your students as they begin to understand the lyrics. Popular German Music Artists to Know When you really want to grab the attention of your students, there are a few popular musicians who they will not be able to ignore. Most Beatles fans know that the Fab Four polished their craft in Germany in the early 1960s. Did you know that the first commercial recording the Beatles ever released was partly in German? The Beatles connection to Germany is a fascinating cultural lesson. Its also helpful when your students are already familiar with the English version of a song. It gives them something they can really connect to. Another familiar tune is Mack the Knife, which was popularized by stars like Louis Armstrong and Bobby Darin. In its original version, it is a German song by the name of Mackie Messer and the smoky voice of Hildegard Knef sung it best. She has other great tunes that your class is sure to enjoy as well. As you might expect, Germans are no stranger to heavy metal music. A band like Rammstein is controversial, but their songs are well-known, especially the 2004 hit Amerika. This may also be an opportunity to discuss some of the cultural and political aspects of German life with older students. Die Prinzen is one of Germanys biggest pop bands. They have 14 gold records, six platinum records, and over five million recordings sold. Their songs are often satirical and play on words, so theyre sure to peak the interest of many students, especially as they learn the translations. Resources for More German Songs The internet has opened up many new possibilities for discovering German music that can be used to teach the language. For instance, a venue such as iTunes is a great resource, though there are some tips youll want to know to make the German on iTunes experience a little easier. It might also be helpful if you review the contemporary German music scene yourself. You will find everything from rap to jazz, pop to more metal, and any other style you can imagine. Its always nice to find something that your particular students can connect to and theres sure to be a great fit out there for them.

Cigaretes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cigaretes - Research Paper Example Aside from the price, the other factors that determine demand have well established and these are: the consumer’s taste or preference, the number of buyers in the market, the consumer’s income, the prices of related goods, and lastly, consumer expectations (McConnell, 2008, p. 47). The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act received the Royal Assent on Dec. 1, 2011 and the Executive Council of Australia released the Tobacco Plain packaging Regulations 2011 by the 7th of the same month. this statute primarily requires that all tobacco products in the Australian market be sold in plain packaging by the 1st of December 2012. The distinguishing marks between brands will only be the product name in standard color, position, font size and style (Department of Health and Ageing, 2012). Suppose that due to this plain packaging, the consumer’s preference for cigarettes considerably lessens, let us analyze how this will affect the demand for cigarettes in the Australian market. 2. The plain packaging of cigarettes together with the blatant health warnings were less appealing to the consumers, such that they bought lesser quantity of cigarettes. The demand curve shifts to the left. As the law of supply dictates, as price rises, the quantity supplied rises also just as when the price decreases, so does the quantity supplied. Aside from the price there are other factors that affect the supply and these are the following: the resource prices, technology, taxes and subsidies, prices of other goods, producer expectations, and the number of sellers in the market (McConnell, 2008, p. 51). A study by June, Hammond, Sjà ¶din, Li, Romanoff, and OConnor (2011) found out that cigarette fires are also among the leading causes of death related fires. Suppose that this finding also alarmed the Department of Health and Ageing that it passes a statute that requires cigarettes to be self-extinguishing when not being smoked by consumers.

Ending the Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ending the Federal Reserve - Essay Example The principal way that the Fed manages the economy and financial crises is to manipulate the money supply. The Fed does its work by adjusting three things: the reserve requirement, the discount/federal funds rates, and open market operations. There are a number of positive outcomes that can result if the Fed was abolished. One positive outcome is the end of the yo-yo monetary policies that leads the country to move from recessionary to inflationary periods. A second positive outcome is greater competition and safer investment among financial institutions. There are negative outcomes to ending the Federal Reserve. The principal negative outcome is that the business cycle will run unchecked. Financial crises will tear the nation apart even more than already do. The United States has wrestled with the idea of centralized banking since its birth. After suffering through serious financial crises in the 1880s and early 1900s, the United States settled on the Federal Reserve system. The country embraced central banks twice before creating the Fed. The country created the First Bank of the United States in 1791 and then let the charter lapse in 1811. Congress created the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 and then let that charter lapse in 1828 (The Federal Reserve, 2010). Both banks failed because they were seen as answering to big city money interests and not the ordinary agrarian citizen. (The Federal Reserve, 2010). Today the Fed is also associated by some with big financial conglomerates. The United States created the Fed after enduring a series of financial crises. Several banking panics rocked the country in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The United States took action after the panic of 1907. In that year, the nation faced a dire banking crisis caused by speculation. Private industry, led by J.P. Morgan, had to step in to save the economy. The government created an independent government body, the Fed, in

History Of The Virtual Private Network

History Of The Virtual Private Network A VPN supplies virtual network connectivity over a possibly long physical distance. The key feature of a VPN, however, is its ability to use public networks like the Internet rather than rely on private leased lines which consume valuable recourse and extra cost . VPN technologies implement restricted-access networks that utilize the same cabling and routers as a public network, and they do so without sacrificing features or basic security , a simple cooperation office and remote branched VPN shown in below diagram . Sonicwall_Vpn A VPN supports at least three different modes of use as shown above: Remote access client connections. LAN-to-LAN internetworking . Controlled access within an intranet . A several network protocols have become popular as a result of VPN developments state as following : PPTP L2TP IPsec These protocols emphasize authentication and encryption in VPNs. Authentication allows VPN clients and servers to correctly establish the identity of people on the network. Encryption allows potentially sensitive data to be hidden from the general public. Many vendors have developed VPN hardware and/or software products. Unfortunately, immature VPN standards mean that some of these products remain incompatible with each other till now. Virtual private networks have grown in popularity as businesses to save money on remote network access for employees. Many corporations have also adopted VPNs as a security solution for private Wi-Fi wireless networks. Expect a continued gradual expansion in use of VPN technology to continue in the coming years. Objectives:- A virtual private network can resolve many of the issues associated with todays private networks. Cost: The cost of such links is high especially when they involve international locations. Even when VPNs are implemented on a provider private network, it would still be less expensive. Mobility of workforce: Many companies are encouraging telecommunications to reduce their investment in real estate, reduce traffic, and reduce pollution from automobile E-commerce applications: However, in traditional private networks, this kind of special access provision is difficult to incorporate because it is not easy to install dedicated link to all suppliers and business partners, nor it is flexible because a change in the supplier would require de-installing the link and installing another one to the new vendor. Advantages of VPN VPNs promise two main advantages over competing approaches cost savings, and scalability (that is really just a different form of cost savings). The Low Cost of a VPN One way a VPN lowers costs is by eliminating the need for expensive long-distance leased lines. With VPNs, an organization needs only a relatively short dedicated connection to the service provider. This connection could be a local leased line (much less expensive than a long-distance one), or it could be a local broadband connection such as DSL service. Another way VPNs reduce costs is by lessening the need for long-distance telephone charges for remote access. Recall that to provide remote access service, VPN clients need only call into the nearest service providers access point. In some cases this may require a long distance call, but in many cases a local call will suffice. A third, more subtle way that VPNs may lower costs is through offloading of the support burden. With VPNs, the service provider rather than the organization must support dial-up access for example. Service providers can in theory charge much less for their support than it costs a company internally because the public providers cost is shared amongst potentially thousands of customers. Scalability and VPNs The cost to an organization of traditional leased lines may be reasonable at first but can increase exponentially as the organization grows. A company with two branch offices, for example, can deploy just one dedicated line to connect the two locations. If a third branch office needs to come online, just two additional lines will be required to directly connect that location to the other two. However, as an organization grows and more companies must be added to the network, the number of leased lines required increases dramatically. Four branch offices require six lines for full connectivity, five offices require ten lines, and so on. Mathematicans call this phenomenon a combinatorial explosion, and in a traditional WAN this explosion limits the flexibility for growth. VPNs that utilize the Internet avoid this problem by simply tapping into the geographically-distributed access already available. Disadvantages of VPNs With the hype that has surrounded VPNs historically, the potential pitfalls or weak spots in the VPN model can be easy to forget. These four concerns with VPN solutions are often raised. 1. VPNs require an in-depth understanding of public network security issues and proper deployment of precautions. 2. The availability and performance of an organizations wide-area VPN (over the Internet in particular) depends on factors largely outside of their control. 3. VPN technologies from different vendors may not work well together due to immature standards. 4. VPNs need to accomodate protocols other than IP and existing internal network technology. Generally speaking, these four factors comprise the hidden costs of a VPN solution. Whereas VPN advocates tout cost savings as the primary advantage of this technology, detractors cite hidden costs as the primary disadvantage of VPNs INTERNET VPNS FOR REMOTE ACCESS In recent years, many organizations have increased the mobility of their workers by allowing more employees to telecommute. Employees also continue to travel and face a growing need to stay connected to their company networks. A VPN can be set up to support remote, protected access to the corporate home offices over the Internet. An Internet VPN solution uses a client/server design works as follows: 1. A remote host (client) wanting to log into the company network first connects to any public Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. Next, the host initiates a VPN connection to the company VPN server. This connection is made via a VPN client installed on the remote host. 3. Once the connection has been established, the remote client can communicate with the internal company systems over the Internet just as if it were a local host. Before VPNs, remote workers accessed company networks over private leased lines or through dialup remote access servers. While VPN clients and servers careful require installation of hardware and software, an Internet VPN is a superior solution in many situations. VPNS FOR INTERNETWORKING Besides using virtual private networks for remote access, a VPN can also bridge two networks together. In this mode of operation, an entire remote network (rather than just a single remote client) can join to a different company network to form an extended intranet. This solution uses a VPN server to VPN server connection. Through the use of dedicated equipment and large-scale encryption, a company can connect multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the Internet. Site-to-site VPNs can be one of two types: Intranet-based If a company has one or more remote locations that they wish to join in a single private network, they can create an intranet VPN to connect LAN to LAN. Extranet-based When a company has a close relationship with another company (for example, a partner, supplier or customer), they can build an extranet VPN that connects LAN to LAN, and that allows all of the various companies to work in a shared environment. vpn-type INTRANET / LOCAL NETWORK VPNS Internal networks may also utilize VPN technology to implement controlled access to individual subnets within a private network. In this mode of operation, VPN clients connect to a VPN server that acts as the network gateway. This type of VPN use does not involve an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or public network cabling. However, it allows the security benefits of VPN to be deployed inside an organization. This approach has become especially popular as a way for businesses to protect their WiFi local networks. TUNNELING: SITE-TO-SITE In a site-to-site VPN, GRE (generic routing encapsulation) is normally the encapsulating protocol that provides the framework for how to package the passenger protocol for transport over the carrier protocol, which is typically IP-based. This includes information on what type of packet you are encapsulating and information about the connection between the client and server. Instead of GRE, IPSec in tunnel mode is sometimes used as the encapsulating protocol. IPSec works well on both remote-access and site-to-site VPNs. IPSec must be supported at both tunnel interfaces to use. TUNNELING Most VPNs rely on tunneling to create a private network that reaches across the Internet. Essentially, tunneling is the process of placing an entire packet within another packet and sending it over a network. The protocol of the outer packet is understood by the network and both points, called tunnel interfaces, where the packet enters and exits the network. Tunneling requires three different protocols: Carrier protocol The protocol used by the network that the information is traveling over Encapsulating protocol The protocol (GRE, IPSec, L2F, PPTP, L2TP) that is wrapped around the original data Passenger protocol The original data (IPX, NetBeui, IP) being carried Tunneling has amazing implications for VPNs. For example, you can place a packet that uses a protocol not supported on the Internet (such as NetBeui) inside an IP packet and send it safely over the Internet. Or you could put a packet that uses a private (non-routable) IP address inside a packet that uses a globally unique IP address to extend a private network over the Internet. COST SAVINGS WITH A VPN A VPN can save an organization money in several situations: Eliminating the need for expensive long-distance leased lines Reducing long-distance telephone charges Offloading support costs VPNS VS LEASED LINES Organizations historically needed to rent network capacity such as T1 lines to achieve full, secured connectivity between their office locations. With a VPN, you use public network infrastructure including the Internet to make these connections and tap into that virtual network through much cheaper local leased lines or even just broadband connections to a nearby Internet Service Provider (ISP). LONG DISTANCE PHONE CHARGES A VPN also can replace remote access servers and long-distance dialup network connections commonly used in the past by business travelers needing to access to their company intranet. For example, with an Internet VPN, clients need only connect to the nearest service providers access point that is usually local. SUPPORT COSTS With VPNs, the cost of maintaining servers tends to be less than other approaches because organizations can outsource the needed support from professional third-party service providers. These provides enjoy a much lower cost structure through economy of scale by servicing many business clients. VPN NETWORK SCALABILITY The cost to an organization of building a dedicated private network may be reasonable at first but increases exponentially as the organization grows. A company with two branch offices, for example, can deploy just one dedicated line to connect the two locations, but 4 branch offices require 6 lines to directly connect them to each other, 6 branch offices need 15 lines, and so on. Internet based VPNs avoid this scalability problem by simply tapping into the public lines and network capability readily available. Particularly for remote and international locations, an Internet VPN offers superior reach and quality of service. USING A VPN To use a VPN, each client must possess the appropriate networking software or hardware support on their local network and computers. When set up properly, VPN solutions are easy to use and sometimes can be made to work automatically as part of network sign on. VPN technology also works well with WiFi local area networking. Some organizations use VPNs to secure wireless connections to their local access points when working inside the office. These solutions provide strong protection without affecting performance excessively. VPN SECURITY: IPSEC Internet Protocol Security Protocol (IPSec) provides enhanced security features such as better encryption algorithms and more comprehensive authentication. vpn-diagram2 Photo courtesy Cisco Systems, Inc. A remote-access VPN utilizing IPSec IPSec has two encryption modes: tunnel and transport. Tunnel encrypts the header and the payload of each packet while transport only encrypts the payload. Only systems that are IPSec compliant can take advantage of this protocol. Also, all devices must use a common key and the firewalls of each network must have very similar security policies set up. IPSec can encrypt data between various devices, such as: Router to router Firewall to router PC to router PC to server LIMITATIONS OF A VPN Despite their popularity, VPNs are not perfect and limitations exist as is true for any technology. Organizations should consider issues like the below when deploying and using virtual private networks in their operations: VPNs require detailed understanding of network security issues and careful installation / configuration to ensure sufficient protection on a public network like the Internet. The reliability and performance of an Internet-based VPN is not under an organizations direct control. Instead, the solution relies on an ISP and their quality of service. Historically, VPN products and solutions from different vendors have not always been compatible due to issues with VPN technology standards. Attempting to mix and match equipment may cause technical problems, and using equipment from one provider may not give as great a cost savings. TYPES OF VPN TUNNELING VPN supports two types of tunneling voluntary and compulsory. Both types of tunneling are commonly used. In voluntary tunneling, the VPN client manages connection setup. The client first makes a connection to the carrier network provider (an ISP in the case of Internet VPNs). Then, the VPN client application creates the tunnel to a VPN server over this live connection. In compulsory tunneling, the carrier network provider manages VPN connection setup. When the client first makes an ordinary connection to the carrier, the carrier in turn immediately brokers a VPN connection between that client and a VPN server. From the client point of view, VPN connections are set up in just one step compared to the two-step procedure required for voluntary tunnels. Compulsory VPN tunneling authenticates clients and associates them with specific VPN servers using logic built into the broker device. This network device is sometimes called the VPN Front End Processor (FEP), Network Access Server (NAS) or Point of Presence Server (POS). Compulsory tunneling hides the details of VPN server connectivity from the VPN clients and effectively transfers management control over the tunnels from clients to the ISP. In return, service providers must take on the additional burden of installing and maintaining FEP devices. VPN TUNNELING PROTOCOLS Several computer network protocols have been implemented specifically for use with VPN tunnels. The three most popular VPN tunneling protocols listed below continue to compete with each other for acceptance in the industry. These protocols are generally incompatible with each other. POINT-TO-POINT TUNNELING PROTOCOL (PPTP) Several corporations worked together to create the PPTP specification. People generally associate PPTP with Microsoft because nearly all flavors of Windows include built-in client support for this protocol. The initial releases of PPTP for Windows by Microsoft contained security features that some experts claimed were too weak for serious use. Microsoft continues to improve its PPTP support, though. LAYER TWO TUNNELING PROTOCOL (L2TP) The original competitor to PPTP for VPN tunneling was L2F, a protocol implemented primarily in Cisco products. In an attempt to improve on L2F, the best features of it and PPTP were combined to create new standard called L2TP. Like PPTP, L2TP exists at the data link layer (Layer Two) in the OSI model thus the origin of its name. INTERNET PROTOCOL SECURITY (IPSEC) IPsec is actually a collection of multiple related protocols. It can be used as a complete VPN protocol solution, or it can used simply as the encryption scheme within L2TP or PPTP. IPsec exists at the network layer (Layer Three) of the OSI model. Using PPTP PPTP packages data within PPP packets, then encapsulates the PPP packets within IP packets (datagrams) for transmission through an Internet-based VPN tunnel. PPTP supports data encryption and compression of these packets. PPTP also uses a form of General Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to get data to and from its final destination. PPTP-based Internet remote access VPNs are by far the most common form of PPTP VPN. In this environment, VPN tunnels are created via the following two-step process: The PPTP client connects to their ISP using PPP dial-up networking (traditional modem or ISDN). Via the broker device (described earlier), PPTP creates a TCP control connection between the VPN client and VPN server to establish a tunnel. PPTP uses TCP port 1723 for these connections. PPTP also supports VPN connectivity via a LAN. ISP connections are not required in this case, so tunnels can be created directly as in Step 2 above. Once the VPN tunnel is established, PPTP supports two types of information flow: Control messages for managing and eventually tearing down the VPN connection. Control messages pass directly between VPN client and server. Data packets that pass through the tunnel, to or from the VPN client PPTP CONTROL CONNECTION Once the TCP connection is established in Step 2 above, PPTP utliizes a series of control messages to maintain VPN connections. These messages are listed below. No. Name Description 1 StartControlConnectionRequest Initiates setup of the VPN session; can be sent by either client or server. 2 StartControlConnectionReply Sent in reply to the start connection request (1); contains result code indicating success or failure of the setup operation, and also the protocol version number. 3 StopControlConnectionRequest Request to close the control connection. 4 StopControlConnectionReply Sent in reply to the stop connection request (3); contains result code indicating success or failure of the close operation. 5 EchoRequest Sent periodically by either client or server to ping the connection (keep alive). 6 EchoReply Sent in response to the echo request (5) to keep the connection active. 7 OutgoingCallRequest Request to create a VPN tunnel sent by the client. 8 OutgoingCallReply Response to the call request (7); contains a unique identifier for that tunnel. 9 IncomingCallRequest Request from a VPN client to receive an incoming call from the server. 10 IncomingCallReply Response to the incoming call request (9), indicating whether the incoming call should be answered. 11 IncomingCallConnected Response to the incoming call reply (10); provides additional call parameters to the VPN server. 12 CallClearRequest Request to disconnect either an incoming or outgoing call, sent from the server to a client. 13 CallDisconnectNotify Response to the disconnect request (12); sent back to the server. 14 WANErrorNotify Notification periodically sent to the server of CRC, framing, hardware and buffer overruns, timeout and byte alignment errors. 15 SetLinkInfo Notification of changes in the underlying PPP options. With control messages, PPTP utlizes a so-called magic cookie. The PPTP magic cookie is hardwired to the hexadecimal number 0x1A2B3C4D. The purpose of this cookie is to ensure the receiver interprets the incoming data on the correct byte boundaries. PPTP SECURITY PPTP supports authentication, encryption, and packet filtering. PPTP authentication uses PPP-based protocols like EAP, CHAP, and PAP. PPTP supports packet filtering on VPN servers. Intermediate routers and other firewalls can also be configured to selectively filter PPTP traffic. PPTP AND PPP In general, PPTP relies on the functionality of PPP for these aspects of virtual private networking. authenticating users and maintaining the remote dial-up connection encapsulating and encrypting IP, IPX, or NetBEUI packets PPTP directly handles maintaining the VPN tunnel and transmitting data through the tunnel. PPTP also supports some additional security features for VPN data beyond what PPP provides. PPTP PROS AND CONS PPTP remains a popular choice for VPNs thanks to Microsoft. PPTP clients are freely available in all popular versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows servers also can function as PPTP-based VPN servers. One drawback of PPTP is its failure to choose a single standard for authentication and encryption. Two products that both fully comply with the PPTP specification may be totally incompatible with each other if they encrypt data differently, for example. Concerns also persist over the questionable level of security PPTP provides compared to alternatives. Routing Tunneling protocols can be used in a point-to-point topology that would generally not be considered a VPN, because a VPN is expected to support arbitrary and changing sets of network nodes. Since most router implementations support software-defined tunnel interface, customer-provisioned VPNs often comprise simply a set of tunnels over which conventional routing protocols run. PPVPNs, however, need to support the coexistence of multiple VPNs, hidden from one another, but operated by the same service provider. Building blocks Depending on whether the PPVPN runs in layer 2 or layer 3, the building blocks described below may be L2 only, L3 only, or combinations of the two. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) functionality blurs the L2-L3 identity. While RFC 4026 generalized these terms to cover L2 and L3 VPNs, they were introduced in RFC 2547. Customer edge device. (CE) In general, a CE is a device, physically at the customer premises, that provides access to the PPVPN service. Some implementations treat it purely as a demarcation point between provider and customer responsibility, while others allow customers to configure it. Provider edge device (PE) A PE is a device or set of devices, at the edge of the provider network, which provides the providers view of the customer site. PEs are aware of the VPNs that connect through them, and which maintain VPN state. Provider device (P) A P device operates inside the providers core network, and does not directly interface to any customer endpoint. It might, for example, provide routing for many provider-operated tunnels that belong to different customers PPVPNs. While the P device is a key part of implementing PPVPNs, it is not itself VPN-aware and does not maintain VPN state. Its principal role is allowing the service provider to scale its PPVPN offerings, as, for example, by acting as an aggregation point for multiple PEs. P-to-P connections, in such a role, often are high-capacity optical links between major locations of provider. Categorizing VPN security models From the security standpoint, VPNs either trust the underlying delivery network, or must enforce security with mechanisms in the VPN itself. Unless the trusted delivery network runs only among physically secure sites, both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain access to the VPN. Some Internet service providers as of 2009[update] offer managed VPN service for business customers who want the security and convenience of a VPN but prefer not to undertake administering a VPN server themselves. Managed VPNs go beyond PPVPN scope, and are a contracted security solution that can reach into hosts. In addition to providing remote workers with secure access to their employers internal network, other security and management services are sometimes included as part of the package. Examples include keeping anti-virus and anti-spyware programs updated on each clients computer. Authentication before VPN connection A known trusted user, sometimes only when using trusted devices, can be provided with appropriate security privileges to access resources not available to general users. Servers may also need to authenticate themselves to join the VPN. A wide variety of authentication mechanisms exist. VPNs may implement authentication in devices including firewalls, access gateways, and others. They may use passwords, biometrics, or cryptographic methods. Strong authentication involves combining cryptography with another authentication mechanism. The authentication mechanism may require explicit user action, or may be embedded in the VPN client or the workstation. Trusted delivery networks Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling, and instead rely on the security of a single providers network to protect the traffic. In a sense, they elaborate on traditional network- and system-administration work. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is often used to overlay VPNs, often with quality-of-service control over a trusted delivery network. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) which is a standards-based replacement, and a compromise taking the good features from each, for two proprietary VPN protocols: Ciscos Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) (obsolete as of 2009[update]) and Microsofts Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). Security mechanisms Secure VPNs use cryptographic tunneling protocols to provide the intended confidentiality (blocking intercept and thus packet sniffing), sender authentication (blocking identity spoofing), and message integrity (blocking message alteration) to achieve privacy. Secure VPN protocols include the following: IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) A standards-based security protocol developed originally for IPv6, where support is mandatory, but also widely used with IPv4. Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) is used either for tunneling an entire networks traffic (SSL VPN), as in the OpenVPN project, or for securing individual connection. SSL has been the foundation by a number of vendors to provide remote access VPN capabilities. A practical advantage of an SSL VPN is that it can be accessed from locations that restrict external access to SSL-based e-commerce websites without IPsec implementations. SSL-based VPNs may be vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks mounted against their TCP connections because latter are inherently unauthenticated. DTLS, used by Cisco for a next generation VPN product called Cisco AnyConnect VPN. DTLS solves the issues found when tunneling TCP over TCP as is the case with SSL/TLS Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) by Microsoft introduced in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista Service Pack 1. SSTP tunnels Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or L2TP traffic through an SSL 3.0 channel. L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3), a new[update] release. MPVPN (Multi Path Virtual Private Network). Ragula Systems Development Company owns the registered trademark MPVPN. Cisco VPN, a proprietary VPN used by many Cisco hardware devices. Proprietary clients exist for all platforms; open-source clients also exist. SSH VPN OpenSSH offers VPN tunneling to secure remote connections to a network (or inter-network links). This feature (option -w) should not be confused with port forwarding (option -L). OpenSSH server provides limited number of concurrent tunnels and the VPN feature itself does not support personal authentication. VPNs in mobile environments Mobile VPNs handle the special circumstances when one endpoint of the VPN is not fixed to a single IP address, but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi-Fi access points. Mobile VPNs have been widely used in public safety, where they give law enforcement officers access to mission-critical applications, such as computer-assisted dispatch and criminal databases, as they travel between different subnets of a mobile network. They are also used in field service management and by healthcare organizations, among other industries. Increasingly, Mobile VPNs are being adopted by mobile professionals and white-collar workers who need reliable connections. They allow users to roam seamlessly across networks and in and out of wireless-coverage areas without losing application sessions or dropping the secure VPN session. A conventional VPN cannot survive such events because the network tunnel is disrupted, causing applications to disconnect, time out, fail, or even the computing device itself to crash. Instead of logically tying the endpoint of the network tunnel to the physical IP address, each tunnel is bound to a virtual IP address that stays with the device. The Mobile VPN software handles the necessary network logins and maintains the application sessions in a manner transparent to the user. The Host Identity Protocol (HIP), under study by the Internet Engineering Task Force, is designed to support mobility of hosts by separating the role of IP addresses for host identification from their locator functionality in an IP network. With HIP a mobile host maintains its logical connections established via the host identity identifier while associating with different IP addresses when roaming between access networks. Conclusion: So what is a Virtual Private Network? As we have discussed, a VPN can take several forms. A VPN can be between two end-systems, or it can be between two or more networks. A VPN can be built using tunnels or encryption (at essentially any layer of the protocol stack), or both, or alternatively constructed using MPLS or one of the virtual router methods. A VPN can consist of networks connected to a service providers network by leased lines, Frame Relay, or ATM, or a VPN can consist of dial-up subscribers connecting to central